Un bon développement est entrain de prendre place en RD Congo avec la coalition rwando-congolaise qui traque les FDLR, un problème épineux qui a occasionné l’écoulement du sang dans l’est de la RDC. Mais selon les déclarations dans le camp congolais, il semble régner un désordre inquiétant dans l’espace des décideurs.
Dans mon article publié il y a de cela quelques semaines sur l’échange très positif entre le gouvernement rwandais et celui de la RD Congo depuis leur accord du mois de décembre 2008; j’avais applaudi cette coalition et, en même temps, cautionné sur ce qui pourrait être admissible comme résultat. Entre les deux camps, il semble qu’un camps a toujours parlé d’une même voix et l’autre ne semble pas coordonner sa position vis a vis de la turbulence qui existe dans le nord-est.
Ce qui était révélé comme rumeurs concernant les appels des officiers rwandais ayant appelé les commandants du CNDP à joindre le camp dissident de Ntaganda vient de se matérialiser. C’est pourquoi, dit-on, il n’ y a pas de fumée sans feux. Voila que Ntaganda a ouvert son territoire à l’armée congolaise et les maîtres tireurs de ficelle rangent les colonnes de leurs hommes à la chasse des FDLR. Qu’est ce qui a empressé alors ce développement? Et bien je pense qu’en premier lieu, il doit y avoir eu des pressions des décideurs du monde comme par exemple le gel du financement envers le Rwanda par la Norvége et la Hollande suite a la publication des preuves du support du Rwanda au CNDP. Ensuite, Kagamé aurait compris qu’avec le départ de l’ami intime de son protecteur Tony Blair de la maison blanche, il devrait changer le rythme de la danse ne sachant pas la position du nouveau occupant de la maison blanche.
Alors qu’est ce qui s’est passé au front du nord-est? Désordre incroyable—Kamhere dit ne pas être informé et qualifiant la confirmation de l’entrée des FAR en RDC de très grave si elle se confirme. Le chef d’état major des FARDC Etumba annonce aussi ne pas être informé de l’entrée des FAR et dit q’il parait que c’est une décision unilatérale du gouvernement. Comment se fait-il que cette entrée soit autorisée a l’insu du chef d’état major des FARDC? Pourtant, les officiels rwandais disent avoir mis leurs combattants sous ordre des FARDC? Qui serait donc responsable si le dérapage qu’a eu lieu a Bangui aurait lieu? Au front, ce sont les subalternes du chef d’état major qui collaborent avec les FAR, une armée étrangère. Alors, qui leur donnent des ordres pour assurer une coordination des faits sur le terrain quand son chef n’est pas impliqué dans cette manoeuvre? Comment peuvent les FARDC mener une offensive avec efficacité dans un tel désordre? Et pourtant, dans l’armée c’est la ou il y doit régner un ordre exemplaire parce qu’on joue avec le feu. Autant de questions qui nécessitent autant de réponses afin que l’opération soit un succès.
Sarkozy avait qualifié les institutions du pays (RDC) comme étant dans une désorganisation totale; par conséquent, l’élite politique s’en était emporté. Et pourtant, c’est l’image que donne l’interaction des institutions en place en analysant seulement la conduite des affaires dans l’affaire courante. Apparemment, il y a dans les institutions du pays des groupes distincts les uns aux autres; qui aménagent le conflit des camps et, en électrons libres, engagent toute la nation sans coordination ni concertation. Et ceci parait dépendre a quelle distance du sommet de la hiérarchie ils s’y trouvent. Dans cet environnement, comment une action nationale peut-elle être efficace.
Il existe un besoin aigu d’un leadership fort pour coordonner les actions afin que des choses sérieuses puissent commencer à avoir lieu. Aussi longtemps que ce trou ou ce manque de leadership persiste, notre grand Congo ne connaitra que la cacophonie.
Friday, January 23, 2009
Wednesday, January 21, 2009
Obama Inauguration Speech: Rebuff of Old Habits and Birth of New Era
As usual the transition of power was smooth, a sign of the old and ripe American democracy. In front of more then 1.5 million people, Barack Obama stood on the steps of the US Capitol Hill building to take the oath of office officiated by the Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts. His wife, Michelle Obama, by his side and holding the bible Abraham Lincoln used for his own inaugration more then a century ago, Obama placed one hand on the bible and raised the other. All went on well except a misstep by John Roberts who flipped some of the words and misplaced the word “faithfully” to the end of the sentence, but Obama caught up on that, took some seconds before repeating to let John Roberts catch up with the misstep.The young president went on to launch an alarm awakening America and asking his fellow citizens to take responsibility of their destiny. He reminded them of the hard work of their forefathers that brought prosperity and higher lifestyle they came to enjoy. He warned that America’s economy is weakening and there might be a need to review the high standard way of life we are accustomed to unless we stick to our forefathers’ ideals. Greatness is not given but it should be a product of hard work and discipline. Talking about those who worked hard to make life better in this country, he said, “these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction”. He stated that the plight that America is in is a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age.
A new era has begun. Repudiating the ideals of previous governments, especially that of his predecessor who sat just a few feet behind him, Obama said we must stop doing childish things and self dealing. For the sake of the defense of our country, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals. And he called the whole world who is watching and said “America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman, and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more”. He pointed out that earlier generations of leaders faced down fascism and communism not with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. “They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please”. This constitutes a strong statement and a rebuff to his predecessor’s doctrine.
Obama twice got out his limo and walked on Pennsylvania Avenue at a great concern of many, especially of his secret service detail. There have, in the past, been a number of reported threats towards his life, a reason that he was granted the protection of the US secret service three months into the primaries. Nevertheless, he’s continued appearing in public. His campaign has known largest crowds of all at every stop; he was before 100,000 people in Saint Louis, 200,000 people in Berlin, and between 50,000 to 100,000 people in various other places during the presidential campaign.
I followed the commentaries of many political analysts and a majority agreed that Obama’s inaugural speech was not his best but it contained what will constitute the core conduct of his administration. Personally, I believe that the message in this speech sent out a message to those who felt disenfranchised by -unilateralism and we do as we please- Bush’s administration approach that we will seek partnership and we will act by a legal framework in concert with our partners.
Tuesday, January 20, 2009
Barack Raises Hand Thus Lifts A Nation
What is about to become the American history is Barack Obama’s inauguration that takes place today January 20th, 2009, on the steps of the Capitol Hill in Washington, DC. Barack will take oath of office to assume the US presidency as the 44th US president. His march to the presidency has shattered all records: less time ascending to the highest public office; highest campaign fundraising; highest crowd during campaign stops; outstanding presidential election victory; highest inauguration ceremony expense bill; and record number of inauguration’s crowd.Expectations are so high, from US nationals as well as world communities; I hope his advisors will manage them with care throughout this earlier stage. He, himself, already begun talking to the American citizens in a way that prepares them to be patients with everything his administration will try to do to lead the country out of the mess it is in. In his own words, he has reminded them that, as he tries, the steep is so deep and the climb might be slow but we will get there.
I did not get a chance to witness this event with my presence, but I watched the CNN coverage live online. A crowd of between one and two millions is expected into Washington to watch Obama take the oath of office. This is a staggering number of people as it has been throughout his journey to become the first African American president of the United States of America.
As Mr. Obama is sworn in office, I am sure, he is well aware of what awaits him starting this day one. He is inheriting a country in shambles, an ailing economy, uncertainties in mind of people, and two unpopular wars. He has put together his administration cabinet with care and everyone has agreed of the choice he has made. The question that remained is; will it deliver to the expectations of the whole world? I mean the whole world because his election has been welcomed with great enthusiasm throughout the world.
I take this moment to congratulate and wish him well. May our fore-fathers grant him the wisdom to lead us and preserve our union, a union that unites us not by blood but by common principles that are based on freedom, liberty and justice for all.
Thursday, January 15, 2009
Deflower Me for the Highest Bid: Says a 22 Year Old Young Woman from California.
When one has run out of options, there's always a way out of a situation no matter how complex it is. A 22 year old young woman from San Diego, California, Natalie Dylan (pseudonym) is auctioning her virginity to the highest bidder. Dylan plans to meet the highest bidder at the infamous Moonlight Bunny Ranch, a legal brothel in Nevada which is holding the auction.In an attempt to find the highest bidder, Dylan has been making the rounds to promote her auctions since last Fall. She has made appearances in the Howard Stern Show, CNN, and other media outlets. She said she’s received responses from various types of guys. A lot of guys have written to tell her that they should hook up because they also are virgins. A zookeeper offered to give her a tiger for her services. As of January 2009, the highest bid reached $3.8 millions; but, she said she has not chosen anyone yet and she still wants holding on for awhile. She said she’s not in a hurry because she’s been holding on for 22 years. In the meantime, she’s already writing a book on her experience with this auction.
Ms Dylan holds a Bachelor in Science degree in women studies from California State University in Sacramento. She said that she wants to further her education but lacks a financial support. Thus, she is putting a price on her virginity.
Well, given the responses that she’s got, her idea seems genius.
Friday, January 9, 2009
Are These Signs Pointing to the End of The Great Lakes Region Conflict?
DR Congo and Rwanda have been accusing each other of supporting the negative rebel groups operating in the East of Congo. They both have denied these allegations even though it has been determined that there are some elements of truth in these countries’ dealing with these negative forces in their common region. Rwanda has ties with the CNDP, a movement led by a Congolese Tutsi ex-Army General Laurent Nkunda; whereas, there also have been reports of either DR Congo’s army officers or Congolese politicians having ties to the FDLR.
Lately, DR Congo and Rwanda have intensified their direct contact which appears to be a positive change of course that might lead to remove the lack of trust between the two neighbors. As neighbors, the two countries are condemned to live in harmony and the only way they can do so is by normalizing their relations, building trust, and promoting common interests at their common borders. The CEPGL needs to be relaunched so that each of them can realize how much each can thrive in the region via normal trading, social, and political exchange. Thus, the current eastern Congo conflict will not have a reason to persist if this path is followed through.
The CNDP has been a distraction to the new DR Congo government. It has prevented it to show some dividends to the people of the eastern region of the country who put it in power by massively voting for President Joseph Kabila in the first free, independent, and democratic elections the country has known since its independence from Belgium in 1960. Soon after, the election in 2006. Laurent Nkunda refused to join his post as an eastern military region chief. Nkunda found a rebel movement, the CNDP, claiming to fight the FDLR, elements of the dethroned Rwandan previous government responsible for the Rwandan genocide of 1994. He said the FDLR were tormenting and killing his minority Tutsi community in the East of Congo and that Congo’s government was not doing anything to protect it.
Feeling nervous with the presence of the FDLR in the East of Congo, Rwanda has supported Nkunda. The FDLR has been organizing incursions into Rwanda from their Congo’s hideouts in terms to destabilize the government of the strong man, Paul Kagame. To counter Rwanda’s support to Nkunda, MONUC, the UN mission in the country, and various NGOs have reported that DR Congo has also collaborated with the FDLR.
The main CNDP’s reason to be was to fight for the protection of the minority Tutsi who, it said, were in constant threat from the FDLR. As a result, many Tutsi were driven out of the region to take refuge in Rwanda. Rwanda wanted Nkunda to stick to this goal to justify its support to his group. The ultimate goal was to get all Congolese Tutsi refugees in Rwanda’s soil to return after FDLR defeat. But lately, Nkunda seems to have different personal ambitions: he wants a major political role in the Congo government. During the current talks in Nairobi between his movement and the government of Congo, the CNDP has broadened his demands, asking for his group to take part in the current government’s institutions. Before the talks reconvened on Jan. 7, 2009; the CNPD has demanded that the presidents of the Congo’s parliament must take seats at the negotiations’ table.
Therefore, the Rwandan government has started displaying some signs of falling out with the CNDP. Reading this, the Congo government, as it has found Nkunda too cumbersome to deal with, has begun making overture to Rwanda and is now willing to make pact with its archenemy neighbor so it can have Nkunda’s head.
As of late, Congo has chosen an open and direct talk with Rwanda, thus deciding to bypass Nkunda as many Congolese politicians and other observers have been advising the government to do. It has started making some concessions; as to allowing Rwandan security army officers to patrol with its forces in order to gain Rwanda’s trust in its tracking of the FDLRs. This might be a right course; but, how much concession can it expect from the Rwandan government in its support to the CNDP.
Apparently, Rwanda seems to be ready to stir the course toward a new partnership with its neighbor and there are some visible signs of it becoming ready to relinquish its support to Nkunda. Nkunda’s demands in the ongoing talks between his group and that of the DRC government in Nairobi point to him changing course from the movement’s main goal of fighting to protect the minority Tutsi community. He has heightened his ambitions by broadening the talks agenda, thus, seeking to play a major political role in the DR Congo. It’s obvious that this change of course has not pleased Rwanda. RFI has reported that Rwandans have been calling CNDP’s officers asking them to join the breakaway faction led by General Bosco Ntaganda.
Ntaganda who has had an ICC arrest warrant lingering on his head for awhile, if he
plays smart this time around, can have the ICC charges dropped if his faction helps bring about peace to the region. His faction has begun making overture via his spokesperson, Desire Kamanzi, claiming that there’s not going to be any more fighting against the FARDC by his group and that the movement is ready to join the FARDC and the Rwandan army in their battle to track the FDLR elements in DR Congo. Nevertheless, questions remained unanswered: who of the CNDP army officers and politicians is with Ntaganda? How much support does he have from the powerful but tiny Congo’s neighbor Rwanda? Time will tell.
Abbreviations:
CEPGL: Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands lacs (Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries)
CNDP: Congres National pour la Defense du Peuple
FDLR: Forces Democratiques de Liberation du Rwanda
MONUC: Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies au Congo
ICC: International Criminal Court
Lately, DR Congo and Rwanda have intensified their direct contact which appears to be a positive change of course that might lead to remove the lack of trust between the two neighbors. As neighbors, the two countries are condemned to live in harmony and the only way they can do so is by normalizing their relations, building trust, and promoting common interests at their common borders. The CEPGL needs to be relaunched so that each of them can realize how much each can thrive in the region via normal trading, social, and political exchange. Thus, the current eastern Congo conflict will not have a reason to persist if this path is followed through.
The CNDP has been a distraction to the new DR Congo government. It has prevented it to show some dividends to the people of the eastern region of the country who put it in power by massively voting for President Joseph Kabila in the first free, independent, and democratic elections the country has known since its independence from Belgium in 1960. Soon after, the election in 2006. Laurent Nkunda refused to join his post as an eastern military region chief. Nkunda found a rebel movement, the CNDP, claiming to fight the FDLR, elements of the dethroned Rwandan previous government responsible for the Rwandan genocide of 1994. He said the FDLR were tormenting and killing his minority Tutsi community in the East of Congo and that Congo’s government was not doing anything to protect it.
Feeling nervous with the presence of the FDLR in the East of Congo, Rwanda has supported Nkunda. The FDLR has been organizing incursions into Rwanda from their Congo’s hideouts in terms to destabilize the government of the strong man, Paul Kagame. To counter Rwanda’s support to Nkunda, MONUC, the UN mission in the country, and various NGOs have reported that DR Congo has also collaborated with the FDLR.
The main CNDP’s reason to be was to fight for the protection of the minority Tutsi who, it said, were in constant threat from the FDLR. As a result, many Tutsi were driven out of the region to take refuge in Rwanda. Rwanda wanted Nkunda to stick to this goal to justify its support to his group. The ultimate goal was to get all Congolese Tutsi refugees in Rwanda’s soil to return after FDLR defeat. But lately, Nkunda seems to have different personal ambitions: he wants a major political role in the Congo government. During the current talks in Nairobi between his movement and the government of Congo, the CNDP has broadened his demands, asking for his group to take part in the current government’s institutions. Before the talks reconvened on Jan. 7, 2009; the CNPD has demanded that the presidents of the Congo’s parliament must take seats at the negotiations’ table.
Therefore, the Rwandan government has started displaying some signs of falling out with the CNDP. Reading this, the Congo government, as it has found Nkunda too cumbersome to deal with, has begun making overture to Rwanda and is now willing to make pact with its archenemy neighbor so it can have Nkunda’s head.
As of late, Congo has chosen an open and direct talk with Rwanda, thus deciding to bypass Nkunda as many Congolese politicians and other observers have been advising the government to do. It has started making some concessions; as to allowing Rwandan security army officers to patrol with its forces in order to gain Rwanda’s trust in its tracking of the FDLRs. This might be a right course; but, how much concession can it expect from the Rwandan government in its support to the CNDP.
Apparently, Rwanda seems to be ready to stir the course toward a new partnership with its neighbor and there are some visible signs of it becoming ready to relinquish its support to Nkunda. Nkunda’s demands in the ongoing talks between his group and that of the DRC government in Nairobi point to him changing course from the movement’s main goal of fighting to protect the minority Tutsi community. He has heightened his ambitions by broadening the talks agenda, thus, seeking to play a major political role in the DR Congo. It’s obvious that this change of course has not pleased Rwanda. RFI has reported that Rwandans have been calling CNDP’s officers asking them to join the breakaway faction led by General Bosco Ntaganda.
Ntaganda who has had an ICC arrest warrant lingering on his head for awhile, if he
plays smart this time around, can have the ICC charges dropped if his faction helps bring about peace to the region. His faction has begun making overture via his spokesperson, Desire Kamanzi, claiming that there’s not going to be any more fighting against the FARDC by his group and that the movement is ready to join the FARDC and the Rwandan army in their battle to track the FDLR elements in DR Congo. Nevertheless, questions remained unanswered: who of the CNDP army officers and politicians is with Ntaganda? How much support does he have from the powerful but tiny Congo’s neighbor Rwanda? Time will tell.Abbreviations:
CEPGL: Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands lacs (Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries)
CNDP: Congres National pour la Defense du Peuple
FDLR: Forces Democratiques de Liberation du Rwanda
MONUC: Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies au Congo
ICC: International Criminal Court
Thursday, January 8, 2009
A Teenager Gives Birth Then Throws her Baby in Trash
The Port Angeles Police reported that a 16 year old girl, Lauryn Louise Last, gave birth to a baby boy the threw it in trash.
An affidavit filed Monday Jan. 5, 2009, said that Ms. Last put her baby face down in a toilet and allowed it to drown for several minutes until it died. Investigators believe that the baby was born to the girl on or about Dec. 31, 2008, and then put in trash.
Her father, Ronald Last, 41, was charged and jailed at the Clallam County jail for possessing a firearm and a controlled substance, methamphetamine, both felonies, and for concealing a birth. The girl is held in lieu of $500,000 bail and was charged with first-degree murder as an adult. Her arraignment is scheduled for Friday.
Chief Terry Gallagher of Port Angeles Police said that DNA testing to confirm the infant’s parentage might not be available for a month or more.
An affidavit filed Monday Jan. 5, 2009, said that Ms. Last put her baby face down in a toilet and allowed it to drown for several minutes until it died. Investigators believe that the baby was born to the girl on or about Dec. 31, 2008, and then put in trash.
Her father, Ronald Last, 41, was charged and jailed at the Clallam County jail for possessing a firearm and a controlled substance, methamphetamine, both felonies, and for concealing a birth. The girl is held in lieu of $500,000 bail and was charged with first-degree murder as an adult. Her arraignment is scheduled for Friday.
Chief Terry Gallagher of Port Angeles Police said that DNA testing to confirm the infant’s parentage might not be available for a month or more.
Wednesday, January 7, 2009
Je Veux Mon Rein ou Tu Me Paies 1,5 Millions de dollars!
Un Docteur de Long Island, une banlieue de la ville New York, demande à sa femme de lui retourner son rein qu'il lui avait donné en 2001 parce qu'elle vient de lui frapper avec une demande de divorce.
En effet, Dr Richard Batista, avait cédé un de ses reins à sa femme, Dawnell Batista, dont les reins lui avaient faillis. Il était le seul donneur dont l'organe était compatible à la proportion de 700000 à 1. Dr Batista a dit avoir voulu faire payer très cher à sa femme pour lui avoir ainsi trompé avec un autre mec après qu'il l’ait sauvé la vie en mettant la sienne en danger. Ce qui m’a trop tourmenté est le fait qu’elle m’ait tendu les papiers de divorce pendant que j’opérais un autre malade, donc je sauvais la vie d’un autre malade, dit-il. Dawnell Batista n’a pu être joint par la presse pour qu’elle réagisse vu que ce procès serait le premier du genre.
Le couple a 3 enfants, agés de 14, 11, et 8 ans. Son avocate, Me Dominic Barbara, a dit que ce qui lui fait du mal, c’est la façon dont elle a voulu lui traiter pendant cette procédure de divorce. Elle veut limiter son accès à leurs trois enfants. Alors pour contrer l'ingratitude de sa femme, Dr. Batista, lui, veut ravir la maison familiale, les enfants, et son rein.
En effet, Dr Richard Batista, avait cédé un de ses reins à sa femme, Dawnell Batista, dont les reins lui avaient faillis. Il était le seul donneur dont l'organe était compatible à la proportion de 700000 à 1. Dr Batista a dit avoir voulu faire payer très cher à sa femme pour lui avoir ainsi trompé avec un autre mec après qu'il l’ait sauvé la vie en mettant la sienne en danger. Ce qui m’a trop tourmenté est le fait qu’elle m’ait tendu les papiers de divorce pendant que j’opérais un autre malade, donc je sauvais la vie d’un autre malade, dit-il. Dawnell Batista n’a pu être joint par la presse pour qu’elle réagisse vu que ce procès serait le premier du genre.
Le couple a 3 enfants, agés de 14, 11, et 8 ans. Son avocate, Me Dominic Barbara, a dit que ce qui lui fait du mal, c’est la façon dont elle a voulu lui traiter pendant cette procédure de divorce. Elle veut limiter son accès à leurs trois enfants. Alors pour contrer l'ingratitude de sa femme, Dr. Batista, lui, veut ravir la maison familiale, les enfants, et son rein.
Les Elections Présidentielles au Ghana: Un Modele à Suivre Pour Toute l’Afrique
John Atta-Mills du Congrès national démocratique (CND) prête le serment aujourd’hui vers la fin de la matinée après avoir remporté les élections avec une petite marge d’avance sur son adversaire du parti au pouvoir, le Nouveau parti patriotique (NPP), M. Nana Akufo-Addo qui a reçu 49,77% de vote contre 50,23% du candidat victorieux.
La transition pacifique du pouvoir et la maturité démocratique en cours au Ghana doit être un exemple pour tous les dirigeants africains qui, jusque la, n’ont pas pu montrer ce courage digne des vrais hommes politiques intègres. Je commande d’abord le respect de la constitution Ghanéenne qu’a fait montre le président sortant, M. John Kufuor ; qui, après huit ans de pouvoir, occasionne cette paisible transition. Comme l’a dit Emmanuel Bombande du West African Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP), tous les protagonistes ont fait preuve d’ouverture après l’annonce des résultats samedi, « bonne indication que le Ghana va continuer à être un exemple remarquable de démocratie en Afrique.
Mes respects vont tout droit a la direction de deux adversaires principaux dans ces élections, qui ont fait preuve d’une maturité politique au delà de l’image de l’homme politique africain que le monde connait jusque la.
Je présente ainsi mes vives félicitations à M. John Atta-Mills et longue vie à la démocratie Ghanéenne.
La transition pacifique du pouvoir et la maturité démocratique en cours au Ghana doit être un exemple pour tous les dirigeants africains qui, jusque la, n’ont pas pu montrer ce courage digne des vrais hommes politiques intègres. Je commande d’abord le respect de la constitution Ghanéenne qu’a fait montre le président sortant, M. John Kufuor ; qui, après huit ans de pouvoir, occasionne cette paisible transition. Comme l’a dit Emmanuel Bombande du West African Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP), tous les protagonistes ont fait preuve d’ouverture après l’annonce des résultats samedi, « bonne indication que le Ghana va continuer à être un exemple remarquable de démocratie en Afrique.
Mes respects vont tout droit a la direction de deux adversaires principaux dans ces élections, qui ont fait preuve d’une maturité politique au delà de l’image de l’homme politique africain que le monde connait jusque la.
Je présente ainsi mes vives félicitations à M. John Atta-Mills et longue vie à la démocratie Ghanéenne.
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